{"id":5214,"date":"2026-10-12T18:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-12T11:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/?post_type=thuat_ngu&#038;p=5199"},"modified":"2026-10-14T11:17:30","modified_gmt":"2026-10-14T04:17:30","slug":"chon-mau-qua-bong-tuyet-snowball-sampling","status":"publish","type":"thuat_ngu","link":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/thuat-ngu\/chon-mau-qua-bong-tuyet-snowball-sampling\/","title":{"rendered":"Ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng tuy\u1ebft (Snowball Sampling) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng tuy\u1ebft (snowball sampling, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n, chain-referral sampling)<\/strong> l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c &#8220;qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u1ea9n&#8221; (hidden populations), t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb (Atkinson &#038; Flint, 2001).<\/p>\n<h2>B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n<p>Nh\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Leo A. Goodman (1961) \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng tuy\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc: m\u1eabu ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t khung m\u1eabu \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00eau t\u00ean k ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i qua s v\u00f2ng, nh\u1eb1m \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng quan h\u1ec7. Ng\u00e0y nay thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n: m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n mang t\u00ednh thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khung m\u1eabu; v\u00ec m\u1eabu ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean n\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1eabu l\u00e0 m\u1eabu phi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t (Handcock &#038; Gile, 2011). C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecm v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng tham gia, r\u1ed3i nh\u1edd h\u1ecd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c (Atkinson &#038; Flint, 2001).<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi (respondent-driven sampling, RDS) do Heckathorn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu theo v\u1ebft li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi, nh\u1eb1m ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n m\u1eabu x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t theo th\u1eddi gian; theo Handcock v\u00e0 Gile (2011), RDS kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng tuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<h2>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/h2>\n<p>Atkinson v\u00e0 Flint (2001) n\u00eau c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y: ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ma t\u00fay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n d\u00e2m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh b\u1ecb k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 AIDS, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00ec l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9, v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u00e2u kh\u00e1 nhanh.<\/p>\n<h2>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh ho\u1ea1<\/h2>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh b\u1ecb k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi do m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n h\u1ecd, r\u1ed3i nh\u1edd h\u1ecd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trung gian nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng (gatekeeper) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn (Atkinson &#038; Flint, 2001).<\/p>\n<h2>Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0u \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn qua l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng tuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t; m\u1eabu d\u1ec5 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0o (Atkinson &#038; Flint, 2001).<\/li>\n<li>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u00ed m\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 theo Atkinson v\u00e0 Flint (2001), s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh d\u1ea7n theo th\u1eddi gian; khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9ng ra gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng tuy\u1ebft (snowball sampling) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n gi\u00fap ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u00f3m \u1ea9n, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi RDS v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"template":"","nhom_thuat_ngu":[476],"class_list":["post-5214","thuat_ngu","type-thuat_ngu","status-publish","hentry","nhom_thuat_ngu-nghien-cuu-bang-chung"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng tuy\u1ebft (Snowball Sampling) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? - Dy Khoa Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng tuy\u1ebft (snowball sampling) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 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