{"id":5107,"date":"2026-10-12T18:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-12T11:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/?post_type=thuat_ngu&amp;p=5107"},"modified":"2026-10-12T18:30:00","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T11:30:00","slug":"khoa-hoc-hau-chuan-tac-post-normal-science","status":"publish","type":"thuat_ngu","link":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/thuat-ngu\/khoa-hoc-hau-chuan-tac-post-normal-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc (Post-normal Science) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc (Post-normal Science &#8211; PNS)<\/strong> l\u00e0 khung l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p n\u01a1i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<h2>B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi hai nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc Silvio Funtowicz v\u00e0 Jerome Ravetz (1993), PNS m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1edbi 4 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m: (1) B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn (Facts are uncertain); (2) C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a &#8211; \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111ang tranh ch\u1ea5p gay g\u1eaft (Values in dispute); (3) L\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn (Stakes high); v\u00e0 (4) Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch (Decisions urgent). Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng &#8220;c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng&#8221; (Extended Peer Community) bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<h2>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/h2>\n<p>Khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch y t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (nh\u01b0 COVID-19), ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, an to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n hay qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. \u1ede nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee3i 10 n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a ra khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o; h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n<h2>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh ho\u1ea1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ec7nh gi\u00e3n c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch: D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 virus l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng sinh m\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<h2>Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0u \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>PNS kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/li>\n<li>Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh PNS \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh thay v\u00ec gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn 100%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb tranh ch\u1ea5p, l\u1ee3i \u00edch r\u1ee7i ro r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"template":"","nhom_thuat_ngu":[472],"class_list":["post-5107","thuat_ngu","type-thuat_ngu","status-publish","hentry","nhom_thuat_ngu-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc (Post-normal Science) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 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