{"id":888,"date":"2026-10-10T17:55:24","date_gmt":"2026-10-10T10:55:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/?p=888"},"modified":"2026-10-10T18:02:31","modified_gmt":"2026-10-10T11:02:31","slug":"hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00ec sao hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, c\u00e1ch can thi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 do may r\u1ee7i th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sai v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kia \u0111\u00fang. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 v\u1ebb &#8220;m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn&#8221; v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-box-title\">Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y,<\/div>\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\"><\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Ket_qua_trai_nguoc_co_pho_bien_khong\" >K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Nhung_nguyen_nhan_nao_khien_ket_qua_khac_nhau\" >Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o khi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Khac_nhau_ve_nguoi_tham_gia\" >Kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Khac_nhau_ve_can_thiep_va_lieu_luong\" >Kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Khac_nhau_ve_cach_do_luong\" >Kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Khac_nhau_ve_thiet_ke_nghien_cuu\" >Kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Vi_sao_nghien_cuu_nho_de_cho_ket_qua_%E2%80%9Cbat_ngo%E2%80%9D\" >V\u00ec sao nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf d\u1ec5 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 &#8220;b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd&#8221;?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Ket_qua_trai_nguoc_anh_huong_the_nao_den_cong_chung\" >K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Khi_gap_hai_nghien_cuu_trai_nguoc_nen_lam_gi\" >Khi g\u1eb7p hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Cau_hoi_thuong_gap\" >C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Ket_qua_trai_nguoc_co_phai_dau_hieu_khoa_hoc_khong_dang_tin\" >K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Nghien_cuu_moi_hon_co_luon_dung_hon\" >Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi h\u01a1n c\u00f3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Lam_sao_biet_mot_chu_de_con_dang_tranh_luan\" >L\u00e0m sao bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n \u0111ang tranh lu\u1eadn?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Ket_luan\" >K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Doi_loi_gioi_thieu\" >\u0110\u00f4i l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/#Tai_lieu_tham_khao\" >T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ket_qua_trai_nguoc_co_pho_bien_khong\"><\/span>K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Schoenfeld v\u00e0 Ioannidis ch\u1ecdn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean 50 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y n\u1ea5u \u0103n, r\u1ed3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u1edbi ung th\u01b0. C\u00f3 40 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, 39% k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nguy c\u01a1 ung th\u01b0 t\u0103ng, 33% k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nguy c\u01a1 gi\u1ea3m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kho\u1ea3ng 80% nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch g\u1ed9p th\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u1eebng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ri\u00eang l\u1ebb (Schoenfeld &amp; Ioannidis, 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, khi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tin ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m khi th\u00ec &#8220;g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0&#8221;, khi th\u00ec &#8220;ph\u00f2ng ung th\u01b0&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nhung_nguyen_nhan_nao_khien_ket_qua_khac_nhau\"><\/span>Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o khi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ed5 tay Cochrane, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong y h\u1ecdc, chia ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh (Deeks et al., 2024):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng:<\/strong> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, v\u1ec1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p:<\/strong> kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hai nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t (heterogeneity).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Khac_nhau_ve_nguoi_tham_gia\"><\/span>Kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0m tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0m tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh n\u1ec1n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. C\u1ea3 hai k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Khac_nhau_ve_can_thiep_va_lieu_luong\"><\/span>Kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;U\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea&#8221; trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 n\u0103m t\u00e1ch. &#8220;T\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c&#8221; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111i b\u1ed9 nh\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea1y c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Khi can thi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Khac_nhau_ve_cach_do_luong\"><\/span>Kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e1u, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo d\u00f5i trong v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c theo d\u00f5i trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Khac_nhau_ve_thiet_ke_nghien_cuu\"><\/span>Kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5u. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/kiem-tra-nghien-cuu-chia-se-tren-mang\/\">L\u00e0m sao ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng?<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vi_sao_nghien_cuu_nho_de_cho_ket_qua_%E2%80%9Cbat_ngo%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>V\u00ec sao nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf d\u1ec5 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 &#8220;b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd&#8221;?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n do may r\u1ee7i. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, Ioannidis l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e0ng \u00edt kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fang khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ecf, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch linh ho\u1ea1t, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh li\u00ean quan, ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111ang &#8220;n\u00f3ng&#8221; v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m c\u1ea1nh tranh (Ioannidis, 2005).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a m\u1ecdi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1u sai. Nh\u01b0ng khi m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh may r\u1ee7i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ket_qua_trai_nguoc_anh_huong_the_nao_den_cong_chung\"><\/span>K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u1eb7p tin t\u1ee9c tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t tr\u00ean 631 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00ean \u0103n g\u00ec. S\u1ef1 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc &#8220;li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn&#8221;, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ed1n \u00edt g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i, nh\u01b0 \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u rau qu\u1ea3 hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c (Nagler, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u01b0u \u00fd, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1eaft ngang, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7, ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng minh quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. Tuy v\u1eady, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u &#8220;tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c&#8221; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Khi_gap_hai_nghien_cuu_trai_nguoc_nen_lam_gi\"><\/span>Khi g\u1eb7p hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0110\u1eebng v\u1ed9i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o sai. H\u00e3y xem hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u01afu ti\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn xem x\u00e9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00ecm c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea1nh nhau. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong b\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/mot-nghien-cuu-moi-co-du-de-ket-luan\/\">M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00fang?<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 &#8220;c\u00f2n t\u00f9y&#8221;, ho\u1eb7c &#8220;ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cau_hoi_thuong_gap\"><\/span>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ket_qua_trai_nguoc_co_phai_dau_hieu_khoa_hoc_khong_dang_tin\"><\/span>K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u. Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u00fap khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nghien_cuu_moi_hon_co_luon_dung_hon\"><\/span>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi h\u01a1n c\u00f3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u0103m c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lam_sao_biet_mot_chu_de_con_dang_tranh_luan\"><\/span>L\u00e0m sao bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n \u0111ang tranh lu\u1eadn?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng &#8220;kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n&#8221; ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn th\u1ea5p, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1edf. Khi \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc n\u1ecbch t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda. C\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n trong b\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/vi-sao-nha-khoa-hoc-hay-noi-chua-chac-chan\/\">V\u00ec sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hay n\u00f3i &#8220;ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn&#8221;?<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ket_luan\"><\/span>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, c\u00e1ch can thi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c may r\u1ee7i th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh sai. Khi g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 v\u1ebb m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, h\u00e3y so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ecdn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n tin. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p trong b\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/thong-tin-khoa-hoc-tren-mang-co-dang-tin\/\">L\u00e0m sao bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng tin?<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Doi_loi_gioi_thieu\"><\/span>\u0110\u00f4i l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng Anh Khoa (Dy Khoa), gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Khoa Quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u0103n Lang, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Th\u1ea1c s\u0129 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Thu h\u00fat C\u00f4ng ch\u00fang (Science Communication and Public Engagement) t\u1ea1i Universiti Malaya (UM), Malaysia. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 sai s\u00f3t ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n g\u00f3p \u00fd, vui l\u00f2ng g\u1eedi email v\u1ec1 hi@dykhoa.com.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tai_lieu_tham_khao\"><\/span>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., McKenzie, J. E., &amp; Veroniki, A. A. (2024). Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In J. P. T. Higgins, J. Thomas, J. Chandler, M. Cumpston, T. Li, M. J. Page, &amp; V. A. Welch (Eds.), <em>Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions<\/em> (Version 6.5). Cochrane. https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/authors\/handbooks-and-manuals\/handbook\/current\/chapter-10<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. <em>PLOS Medicine, 2<\/em>(8), Article e124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nagler, R. H. (2014). Adverse outcomes associated with media exposure to contradictory nutrition messages. <em>Journal of Health Communication, 19<\/em>(1), 24-40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10810730.2013.798384<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Schoenfeld, J. D., &amp; Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2013). Is everything we eat associated with cancer? A systematic cookbook review. <em>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97<\/em>(1), 127-134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.112.047142<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00ec sao hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c? Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1ch \u0111o, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 may r\u1ee7i th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc tin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":887,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,3],"tags":[460,466,426,468,467,23],"class_list":["post-888","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ly-thuyet-mo-hinh","category-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc","tag-bang-chung-khoa-hoc","tag-ket-qua-nghien-cuu","tag-kiem-chung-thong-tin","tag-thong-tin-mau-thuan","tag-tinh-khong-dong-nhat","tag-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>V\u00ec sao hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"V\u00ec sao hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c? 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