{"id":7082,"date":"2026-10-18T16:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-18T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/?p=7082"},"modified":"2026-10-20T19:41:07","modified_gmt":"2026-10-20T12:41:07","slug":"nghien-cuu-it-nguoi-tham-gia-tin-duoc-den-dau","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/nghien-cuu-it-nguoi-tham-gia-tin-duoc-den-dau\/","title":{"rendered":"Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia th\u00ec tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm li\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. V\u1edbi c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf, may r\u1ee7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ho\u1eb7c che m\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t (Evans v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2011), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu th\u01b0\u1eddng cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (Turner v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhanh:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u1ee1 m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m kho\u1ea3ng tin c\u1eady r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n\n<li>4 tr\u00ean 10 so v\u1edbi 6 tr\u00ean 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 may r\u1ee7i; c\u00f9ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng tin h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n\n<li>Trong 70% ph\u00e2n t\u00edch g\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a Cochrane \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, m\u1ecdi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea.<\/li>\n\n<li>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00ec sao c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf d\u1ec5 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 may r\u1ee7i?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00ec v\u1edbi \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p &#8220;l\u1ec7ch&#8221; c\u0169ng l\u00e0m k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea1nh. S\u00e1ch Testing Treatments l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tung \u0111\u1ed3ng xu: g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i n\u0103m l\u1ea7n ng\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c s\u1ea5p li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ebfm; mu\u1ed1n b\u1edbt b\u1ecb may r\u1ee7i \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba th\u00ec c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p (Evans v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00ed d\u1ee5: 4 tr\u00ean 10 v\u00e0 6 tr\u00ean 10 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng. Evans v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2011) \u0111\u01b0a v\u00ed d\u1ee5: trong nh\u00f3m d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb A c\u00f3 4 tr\u00ean 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed vong, nh\u00f3m d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch B c\u00f3 6 tr\u00ean 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed vong. T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0 0,4 chia 0,6 \u2248 0,67, tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 A t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn A t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd; c\u00f9ng t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi 40 tr\u00ean 100 v\u00e0 60 tr\u00ean 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kho\u1ea3ng tin c\u1eady 95% (kho\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u00f3) cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh minh h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang cho hi\u1ec7u hai t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m (t\u1ed5ng 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi): ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u00e0 60% tr\u1eeb 40% = 20 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. Sai s\u1ed1 chu\u1ea9n = \u221a(0,4 \u00d7 0,6 \/ 10 + 0,6 \u00d7 0,4 \/ 10) = \u221a0,048 \u2248 0,219. Bi\u00ean sai s\u1ed1 = 1,96 \u00d7 0,219 \u2248 0,43. Kho\u1ea3ng tin c\u1eady: t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng \u00e2m 23 \u0111\u1ebfn 63 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m.<\/li>\n\n<li>100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m: sai s\u1ed1 chu\u1ea9n = \u221a(0,4 \u00d7 0,6 \/ 100 + 0,6 \u00d7 0,4 \/ 100) = \u221a0,0048 \u2248 0,069. Bi\u00ean sai s\u1ed1 = 1,96 \u00d7 0,069 \u2248 0,136. Kho\u1ea3ng tin c\u1eady: t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn 34 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1edbi 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kho\u1ea3ng tin c\u1eady ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 0 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u00e2m: d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng A v\u00e0 B nh\u01b0 nhau, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed A k\u00e9m h\u01a1n. V\u1edbi 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kho\u1ea3ng h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a s\u1ed1 0. V\u1edbi m\u1eabu r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho con s\u1ed1 h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. Testing Treatments t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i: c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng tin c\u1eady, &#8220;c\u00e0ng h\u1eb9p c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t&#8221; (Evans v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u1ebfu n\u00f3?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (statistical power) l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Turner v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2013) kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t 14.886 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch g\u1ed9p trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng quan Cochrane v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u1edf 10.492 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch g\u1ed9p (70%), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. L\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea trung v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i 30% ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 13%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 30%, th\u00ec trong 100 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 13 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kho\u1ea3ng 87 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ebd b\u1ecf s\u00f3t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, &#8220;kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t&#8221; trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 &#8220;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00ec sao nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf hay cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 &#8220;\u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&#8221; h\u01a1n?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec may r\u1ee7i c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n: k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 h\u01a1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 &#8220;kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec&#8221;. Turner v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2013) ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c: t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 ch\u00eanh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 15% \u1edf th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m thu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 12% \u1edf th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c. \u1ede nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 0% \u0111\u1ebfn 3% nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ef5 (van der Worp v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2010). Thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u00edt li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t (Ineichen v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2024). Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/p-hacking-la-gi-vi-sao-nghien-cuu-thong-ke-van-co-the-sai\/\">p-hacking<\/a> v\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/khung-hoang-tai-lap-khoa-hoc-replication-crisis\/\">kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e1i l\u1eadp trong khoa h\u1ecdc<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Khi n\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n I th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 80 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3; giai \u0111o\u1ea1n II m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean 100 \u0111\u1ebfn 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n III l\u00ean 1.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 3.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (NIH MedlinePlus Magazine, 2020). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi &#8220;li\u1ec1u n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p&#8221;, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi &#8220;c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1ch c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edch khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i: k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tin h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb n\u00e0o (Evans v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2011). Hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1; b\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hai-nghien-cuu-cho-ket-qua-trai-nguoc\/\">v\u00ec sao hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/a> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110\u1ecdc tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00ecm c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi?<\/li>\n\n<li>C\u00f3 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n\n<li>Kho\u1ea3ng tin c\u1eady r\u1ed9ng hay h\u1eb9p?<\/li>\n\n<li>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o, tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt? Xem b\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/thu-nghiem-tren-chuot-co-ap-dung-cho-nguoi\/\">th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean chu\u1ed9t c\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n<li>\u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u01b0a?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 trong <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/kiem-chung-thong-tin-khoa-hoc\/\">chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 Ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng th\u00f4ng tin khoa h\u1ecdc<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng tin?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con s\u1ed1 chung. C\u1ee1 m\u1eabu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n; v\u1edbi k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c hi\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 t\u1eed vong, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i m\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u trung t\u00e2m tham gia (Evans v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn th\u00ec lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fang?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t &#8220;c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea&#8221; v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Evans v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2011). H\u00e3y xem \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 trong b\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/nguy-co-tuong-doi-va-tuyet-doi\/\">nguy c\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 n\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7. Turner v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2013) nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u00edt th\u00f4ng tin khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c, d\u00f9 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1ed5ng quan h\u1ecd kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u00ean nh\u1edb?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu, kho\u1ea3ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 ch\u1edd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft mang t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng tin, kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n y khoa cho t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0110\u00f4i l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng Anh Khoa (<a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/dy-khoa-la-ai\/\">Dy Khoa<\/a>), gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Khoa Quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u0103n Lang, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Th\u1ea1c s\u0129 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Thu h\u00fat C\u00f4ng ch\u00fang (Science Communication and Public Engagement) t\u1ea1i Universiti Malaya (UM), Malaysia. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 sai s\u00f3t ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n g\u00f3p \u00fd, vui l\u00f2ng g\u1eedi email v\u1ec1 hi@dykhoa.com.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details dk-refs is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (5 ngu\u1ed3n)<\/summary>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Evans, I., Thornton, H., Chalmers, I., &amp; Glasziou, P. (2011). Taking account of the play of chance. Trong <em>Testing treatments<\/em> (T\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n 2, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7, tr. 85-91). Pinter &amp; Martin. https:\/\/en.testingtreatments.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2015\/12\/7.-Taking-account-of-the-play-of-chance-p-85-91.pdf<\/li>\n\n<li>Ineichen, B. V., Furrer, E., Gr\u00fcninger, S. L., Z\u00fcrrer, W. E., &amp; Macleod, M. R. (2024). Analysis of animal-to-human translation shows that only 5% of animal-tested therapeutic interventions obtain regulatory approval for human applications. <em>PLOS Biology, 22<\/em>(6), e3002667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002667<\/li>\n\n<li>NIH MedlinePlus Magazine. (2020, ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 8). <em>Is a clinical trial right for you?<\/em> https:\/\/magazine.medlineplus.gov\/article\/is-a-clinical-trial-right-for-you<\/li>\n\n<li>Turner, R. M., Bird, S. M., &amp; Higgins, J. P. T. (2013). The impact of study size on meta-analyses: Examination of underpowered studies in Cochrane reviews. <em>PLOS ONE, 8<\/em>(3), e59202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0059202<\/li>\n\n<li>van der Worp, H. B., Howells, D. W., Sena, E. S., Porritt, M. J., Rewell, S., O&#8217;Collins, V., &amp; Macleod, M. R. (2010). Can animal models of disease reliably inform human studies? <em>PLOS Medicine, 7<\/em>(3), e1000245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000245<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng tin c\u1eady t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc tin v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7081,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,3],"tags":[924,457,926,426,925],"dk_series":[1187],"class_list":["post-7082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ly-thuyet-mo-hinh","category-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc","tag-co-mau-nghien-cuu","tag-doc-hieu-nghien-cuu","tag-khoang-tin-cay","tag-kiem-chung-thong-tin","tag-luc-thong-ke","dk_series-kiem-chung-thong-tin-khoa-hoc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>C\u1ee1 m\u1eabu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf: 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"V\u00ec sao c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf kh\u00f3 cho k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn? 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