{"id":6355,"date":"2026-10-13T03:14:50","date_gmt":"2026-10-12T20:14:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/?p=6355"},"modified":"2026-10-13T03:14:50","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T20:14:50","slug":"hieu-ung-matilda-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hieu-ung-matilda-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1eef b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb ghi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb g\u00e1n cho \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p nam. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y do nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc Margaret Rossiter \u0111\u1eb7t ra n\u0103m 1993. Rossiter xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Rossiter, 1993).<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhanh:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matthew: ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua.<\/li>\n\n<li>Lise Meitner \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed Nobel 49 l\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i; gi\u1ea3i H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 1944 cho ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 trao cho Otto Hahn.<\/li>\n\n<li>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn h\u01a1n nam gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <em>Social Studies of Science<\/em>, Rossiter (1993) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5p d\u00e0nh cho &#8220;nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u00edt ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u&#8221; v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch trong &#8220;th\u00f4ng tin khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ghi nh\u1eadn&#8221;. B\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf y h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo Matilda Joslyn Gage (1826-1898), nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Gage \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean (Rossiter, 1993; Romeo, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matthew th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ghi c\u00f4ng. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matthew, do Robert K. Merton \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1968, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi: ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p v\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (Rossiter, 1993).<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/hieu-ung-carl-sagan-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc\/\">hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Carl Sagan<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn?<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rossiter (1993) li\u1ec7t k\u00ea h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0 Nettie Stevens (nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh), Chien-Shiung Wu (th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1eb5n l\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n) hay Jocelyn Bell (sao xung). Hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Lise Meitner v\u00e0 Rosalind Franklin.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lise Meitner v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meitner, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng Otto Hahn kho\u1ea3ng 30 n\u0103m. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1938, sau khi r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 sang Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, b\u00e0 c\u00f9ng ch\u00e1u trai Otto Frisch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n uranium \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4i, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean <em>Nature<\/em> \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1939 (Schmalstich, 2023). Gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 1944 trao ri\u00eang cho Hahn &#8220;v\u00ec kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng&#8221; (NobelPrize.org, n.d.-a). Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 Nobel ghi nh\u1eadn Meitner \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed 49 l\u1ea7n, g\u1ed3m 19 l\u1ea7n cho gi\u1ea3i H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (1924-1948) v\u00e0 30 l\u1ea7n cho gi\u1ea3i V\u1eadt l\u00fd (1937-1967), nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i (NobelPrize.org, n.d.-c).<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rosalind Franklin v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DNA<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u1ea3i Nobel Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c Y h\u1ecdc 1962 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho Francis Crick, James Watson v\u00e0 Maurice Wilkins cho c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a axit nucleic (NobelPrize.org, n.d.-b). Franklin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 tia X quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1958 v\u00ec ung th\u01b0 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng khi m\u1edbi 37 tu\u1ed5i (Cobb &#038; Comfort, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Franklin c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, Cobb v\u00e0 Comfort (2023) cho r\u1eb1ng phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n &#8220;Watson v\u00e0 Crick l\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9m b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1 51&#8221; l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. Theo h\u1ecd, Franklin kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DNA m\u00e0 l\u00e0 &#8220;ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ngang h\u00e0ng&#8221; trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 &#8220;n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng?<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ghi c\u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n. Ross v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2022) gh\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a 9.778 nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (128.859 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u1edbi 39.426 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u00e0 7.675 b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf. Sau khi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u00edt h\u01a1n 13,24% kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u00edt h\u01a1n 58,40% kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u00ean trong b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf so v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi. Trong kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t 2.660 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 42,95% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 37,81% nam gi\u1edbi cho bi\u1ebft t\u1eebng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi danh s\u00e1ch t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 2023 v\u1eabn ghi nh\u1eadn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u1edf m\u1ecdi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, tr\u1eeb nh\u00f3m \u0111ang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (Ross v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u0169ng ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Chatterjee v\u00e0 Werner tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed y khoa c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng cao cho th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u00f3 trung v\u1ecb 36 l\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, so v\u1edbi 54 l\u01b0\u1ee3t khi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nam (Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics [LDI], 2021). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t, n\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 quy to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t cho \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn. B\u1ee9c tranh r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 &#8220;\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng r\u00f2 r\u1ec9&#8221; c\u00f3 trong b\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/phu-nu-trong-nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc-duong-ong-ro-ri\/\">ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef chi\u1ebfm bao nhi\u00eau trong gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00ec sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m?<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00ec c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu qua nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. Khi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t nam gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe d\u1ec5 ng\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi. B\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/lich-su-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc\/\">l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc<\/a> cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ra sao. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/vi-sao-phu-nu-it-xuat-hien-lam-chuyen-gia-tren-bao-chi\/\">ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u00edt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 chuy\u00ean gia tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>K\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p,<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i.<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Franklin cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n &#8220;b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c&#8221; ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Tr\u00e1nh khung &#8220;n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n&#8221; \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n;<\/strong> \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>\u0110a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a ngu\u1ed3n chuy\u00ean gia<\/strong> khi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/dao-duc-trong-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc\/\">\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc<\/a> v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/ke-chuyen-khoa-hoc-storytelling\/\">k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc<\/a>. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/ban-linh-diu-dang\/\">chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 B\u1ea3n l\u0129nh d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ed1 \u00fd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef?<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft. Rossiter (1993) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng ai c\u1ed1 \u00fd. Trong kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Ross v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2022), l\u00fd do ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u1ea1i sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;Matilda&#8221; m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1eef n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng?<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rossiter t\u1eebng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Lise Meitner, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ecdn Matilda Joslyn Gage v\u00ec b\u00e0 v\u1eeba m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u1eeba b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean, n\u00ean ch\u00ednh t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc (Rossiter, 1993).<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nam gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, 37,81% nam gi\u1edbi trong kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Ross v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2022) c\u0169ng t\u1eebng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi danh s\u00e1ch t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3; v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ghi c\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u00ean nh\u1edb?<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ta bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Meitner, Franklin v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, tr\u00edch d\u1eabn cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb ghi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf: khi \u0111\u1ecdc, vi\u1ebft hay chia s\u1ebb v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, h\u00e3y h\u1ecfi th\u00eam &#8220;c\u00f2n ai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u1eefa?&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0110\u00f4i l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng Anh Khoa (<a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/dy-khoa-la-ai\/\">Dy Khoa<\/a>), gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Khoa Quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u0103n Lang, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Th\u1ea1c s\u0129 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Thu h\u00fat C\u00f4ng ch\u00fang (Science Communication and Public Engagement) t\u1ea1i Universiti Malaya (UM), Malaysia. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 sai s\u00f3t ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n g\u00f3p \u00fd, vui l\u00f2ng g\u1eedi email v\u1ec1 hi@dykhoa.com.<\/p>\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details dk-refs is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (10 ngu\u1ed3n)<\/summary>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cobb, M., &amp; Comfort, N. (2023). What Rosalind Franklin truly contributed to the discovery of DNA&#8217;s structure. <em>Nature, 616<\/em>(7958), 657-660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-01313-5<\/li>\n\n<li>Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics. (2021, ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 7). <em>Gender disparity in citations in high-impact journals<\/em>. University of Pennsylvania. https:\/\/ldi.upenn.edu\/our-work\/research-updates\/gender-disparity-in-citations-in-high-impact-journals<\/li>\n\n<li>NobelPrize.org. (n.d.-a). <em>The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944<\/em>. Nobel Prize Outreach. https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/chemistry\/1944\/summary\/<\/li>\n\n<li>NobelPrize.org. (n.d.-b). <em>The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962<\/em>. Nobel Prize Outreach. https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/1962\/summary\/<\/li>\n\n<li>NobelPrize.org. (n.d.-c). <em>Nomination archive: Lise Meitner<\/em>. Nobel Prize Outreach. https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nomination\/archive\/show_people.php?id=6097<\/li>\n\n<li>Romeo, J. (2021, ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 3). Erasing women from science? There&#8217;s a name for that. <em>JSTOR Daily<\/em>. https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/erasing-women-from-science-theres-a-name-for-that\/<\/li>\n\n<li>Ross, M. B., Glennon, B. M., Murciano-Goroff, R., Berkes, E. G., Weinberg, B. A., &amp; Lane, J. I. (2022). Women are credited less in science than men. <em>Nature, 608<\/em>, 135-145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-04966-w<\/li>\n\n<li>Ross, M. B., Glennon, B. M., Murciano-Goroff, R., Berkes, E. G., Weinberg, B. A., &amp; Lane, J. I. (2023). Author correction: Women are credited less in science than men. <em>Nature, 621<\/em>(7979), E41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06571-x<\/li>\n\n<li>Rossiter, M. W. (1993). The Matthew Matilda effect in science. <em>Social Studies of Science, 23<\/em>(2), 325-341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030631293023002004<\/li>\n\n<li>Schmalstich, H. (2023, ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 10). Why is there no Nobel physics prize for nuclear fission? <em>Physics World<\/em>. https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/a\/why-is-there-no-nobel-physics-prize-for-nuclear-fission\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00ec sao Lise Meitner \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed Nobel 49 l\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i? Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ghi c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1eef.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6375,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,3],"tags":[696,695,488,723,763,762,23],"class_list":["post-6355","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ly-thuyet-mo-hinh","category-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc","tag-20-10","tag-ban-linh-diu-dang","tag-binh-dang-gioi","tag-hieu-ung-matilda","tag-lich-su-khoa-hoc","tag-nha-khoa-hoc-nu","tag-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matilda l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 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