{"id":569,"date":"2026-08-16T21:28:38","date_gmt":"2026-08-16T14:28:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/?p=569"},"modified":"2026-10-13T00:48:55","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T17:48:55","slug":"thiet-ke-chuong-trinh-dao-tao-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/thiet-ke-chuong-trinh-dao-tao-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00ean thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc ra sao?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/truyen-thong-khoa-hoc-la-gi\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"32\">truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc<\/a> tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0: <strong>n\u00ean d\u1ea1y k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hay l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, d\u1ea1y cho nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hay cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p?<\/strong> C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t &#8220;ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh khung&#8221; \u0111\u00fang cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n 26 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i 15 qu\u1ed1c gia x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh 5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111ang song song t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, t\u00f9y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong b\u00e0i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Llorente v\u00e0 Revuelta (2023), c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edf <em>Sustainability<\/em> (MDPI), do nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Khoa h\u1ecdc, Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (CCS-UPF, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Pompeu Fabra, T\u00e2y Ban Nha) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00ec sao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khung ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chung?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00ec g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a &#8211; x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh (Massarani v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2023). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t chia l\u00e0m hai nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/strong> mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/nha-thuc-hanh-va-nha-nghien-cuu-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"501\">nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o<\/a> khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c) mu\u1ed1n chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Llorente v\u00e0 Revuelta (2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc: n\u00ean d\u1ea1y theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb 26 cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n b\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i 15 qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u00f3m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ba m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh khi d\u1ea1y truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc cho nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (practical model)<\/strong> T\u1eadp trung d\u1ea1y k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp: vi\u1ebft, n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00ec cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0 (reflective model)<\/strong> D\u1ea1y l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf t\u1ea7ng s\u00e2u h\u01a1n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng &#8211; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u00ec sao c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang tin ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb &#8211; x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 (disruptive model)<\/strong> \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh vai tr\u00f2 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang &#8211; h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tham gia s\u00e2u h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (co-creation) hay khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 &#8220;ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn&#8221; ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ba m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u1eabn nhau. M\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 ba \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00f9y m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p: n\u00ean d\u1ea1y theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1edbi nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf b\u1eadc th\u1ea1c s\u0129, sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc), nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (professional model)<\/strong> Chia th\u00e0nh hai h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song trong m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh: h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (t\u1ed5ng quan l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u00e0nh, hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 khoa h\u1ecdc &#8211; x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i) v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng (vi\u1ebft, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i dung nghe nh\u00ecn, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (research model)<\/strong> D\u1ea1y c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc &#8211; d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec sao nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea1c s\u0129 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eeba c\u00f3 m\u00f4n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o\/s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i dung, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 m\u00f4n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n &#8211; \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Ban Nha trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0: d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7, t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc? Lewenstein v\u00e0 Baram-Tsabari (2022) gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t khung l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m &#8220;kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng&#8221; (threshold concepts) v\u00e0 &#8220;c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh&#8221; (community of practice), chia ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh ba nh\u00f3m v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng tham gia (occasional):<\/strong> v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed &#8211; ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp &#8220;c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n&#8221; (essential).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (active):<\/strong> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0m truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p (professional):<\/strong> truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau &#8220;n\u00e2ng cao&#8221; (advanced) &#8211; bao g\u1ed3m hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t\/deficit model \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang), b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed &#8211; tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau &#8220;c\u1ea3m x\u00fac&#8221; (affective) &#8211; t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khung n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u &#8220;tr\u1ee5c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c&#8221; (competency strands): b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, s\u1ef1 tham gia, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac\/\u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i dung &#8211; m\u1ed7i tr\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n theo ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng &#8211; t\u00edch c\u1ef1c &#8211; chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng chung: kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh &#8220;c\u1ea3m x\u00fac&#8221; th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha (Saladi\u00e9 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2023) kh\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp &#8220;n\u00e2ng cao&#8221; m\u00e0 Lewenstein v\u00e0 Baram-Tsabari \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m: m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau &#8220;c\u1ea3m x\u00fac&#8221; &#8211; \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc &#8211; ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u00f5 trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y (th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0, \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc &#8211; \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Bray v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2012) t\u1eebng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 &#8220;y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i&#8221; &#8211; v\u1eabn l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb hai khung ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ecdn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/strong> \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc (m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\/ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0\/\u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1) kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p (m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p\/nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tham gia.<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau &#8220;n\u00e2ng cao&#8221; &#8211; m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1eebng b\u1ecf qu\u00ean kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m.<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n qua nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>N\u00ean ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hay m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0?<\/strong> T\u00f9y m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngay (vi\u1ebft, n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang), m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 khoa h\u1ecdc &#8211; x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0 s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (tra c\u1ee9u, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc) v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u1ea5t theo kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ef1u h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m &#8220;kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng&#8221; (threshold concepts) trong \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong> L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vai tr\u00f2 &#8220;ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c&#8221; sang &#8220;th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean&#8221; th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc &#8211; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t (deficit model) trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110\u00f4i l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi <a href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/dy-khoa-la-ai\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2\">Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng Anh Khoa<\/a> (Dy Khoa), gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Khoa Quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u0103n Lang, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Th\u1ea1c s\u0129 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Thu h\u00fat C\u00f4ng ch\u00fang (Science Communication and Public Engagement) t\u1ea1i Universiti Malaya (UM), Malaysia. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 sai s\u00f3t ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n g\u00f3p \u00fd, vui l\u00f2ng g\u1eedi email v\u1ec1 hi@dykhoa.com.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details dk-refs is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (6 ngu\u1ed3n)<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bray, B., France, B., &amp; Gilbert, J. K. (2012). Identifying the essential elements of effective science communication: What do the experts say? <em>International Journal of Science Education, Part B<\/em>, <em>2<\/em>(1), 23-41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21548455.2011.611627<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lewenstein, B. V., &amp; Baram-Tsabari, A. (2022). How should we organize science communication trainings to achieve competencies? <em>International Journal of Science Education, Part B<\/em>, <em>12<\/em>(4), 289-308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21548455.2022.2136985<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Llorente, C., &amp; Revuelta, G. (2023). Models of teaching science communication. <em>Sustainability<\/em>, <em>15<\/em>(6), 5172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15065172<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Massarani, L., Bray, H., Joubert, M., Ridgway, A., Roche, J., Smyth, F., Stevenson, E., van Dam, F., &amp; de Abreu, W. V. (2023). The distribution of science communication teaching around the globe. <em>JCOM<\/em>, <em>22<\/em>(06), A05. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22323\/2.22060205<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Saladi\u00e9, N., Llorente, C., &amp; Revuelta, G. (2023). Is training in science communication useful to find and practice a specialised job? <em>JCOM<\/em>, <em>22<\/em>(06), A03. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22323\/2.22060203<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-post-date\"><time datetime=\"2026-08-16T21:28:38+07:00\">16\/08\/2026<\/time><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n &hellip; <a title=\"N\u00ean thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc ra sao?\" class=\"hm-read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/dykhoa.com\/blog\/thiet-ke-chuong-trinh-dao-tao-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc\/\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">N\u00ean thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc ra sao?<\/span>\u0110\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":570,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,3],"tags":[298,293,299,300,301],"class_list":["post-569","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ly-thuyet-mo-hinh","category-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc","tag-chuong-trinh-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc","tag-dao-tao-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc","tag-khung-nang-luc-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc","tag-mo-hinh-giang-day-truyen-thong-khoa-hoc","tag-threshold-concepts"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>N\u00ean thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc ra sao?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"N\u00ean d\u1ea1y k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft hay l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, d\u1ea1y nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1? 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